The Topic On Stricter Gun Control Laws - 2222 Words

The topic on stricter gun control laws have been a debate for a while now. America has been faced with multiple series of attacks in recent years. In 1998, at Columbine High School 12 students and a faculty member were murdered, then again in 2007 students and faculty members at Virginia Tech lost their lives from a senseless act. This sort of tragedy keeps repeating itself when in 2012 a shooter killed 20 first-grade students and six adults at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut (Rostron, 2014). The United States only accounts for five percent of the world s population, and yet holds 40 percent of all firearms that are owned by civilians. Each year, about 30,000 people die due to firearm injuries in the United States (Glynn, 2013). Gun control restricts future gun owners on the type of firearms that can be purchased or sold, as well as the obligations that the buyer and seller must face with reporting the gun purchase to the government. The gun laws today are the ca use of much violent acts in America. In 2013, the CDC reported that more than 33,000 firearms deaths: 70 percent of all homicides (11,208), more than half of all suicides (21,175), and hundreds of accidental and unsolved deaths. The New England Journal of Medicine reports, extensive background checks and denials on gun purchases can aid in gun violence prevention, especially mass shootings, such as the ones that occurred at Sandy Hook, Virginia Tech, Aurora, or Columbine, suggests a top expertShow MoreRelatedSchool Shootings And The Shootings969 Words   |  4 Pagesshootings (Staff, Washington Times). Many injuries, deaths, and lives have been changed as result of school shootings. These horrible events have raised the topic gun control to the front line of controversy. After 2012, requirements were added to the background checks for purchasing guns. Twelve state legislatures expanded the background checks on gun purchases and five states tightened assault weapons restrictions (Su nburn, Josh). Some states allow immediate distribution at the time of sale with properRead MoreGun Control1724 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 1302 5th march 2013 Sides of Crime Control Gun control laws have been surrounded by controversy since The Bill of Rights, including the Second amendment was passed in the congress. A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed, the founders wrote. Until recently there was considerable argument over just what the founders intended by their words. Did they mean to provide only for armedRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control875 Words   |  4 Pagesissue of gun control laws has become a prevalent topic of debate throughout American society. This debate stems from two opposing arguments over gun control. Some feel gun control laws are fair and not the contributing factor to these mass shootings, whereas, others feel that there is an urgent need for strict laws in order to end the problem of mass shootings. There are numerous pros and cons to the enforcement of stricter gun control laws but we must note a few things: stricter gun control laws wouldRead MoreGuns Have Been A Hot Topic Since The United States862 Words   |  4 Pages Guns have been a hot topic since the United States was formed. It seems like just recently, this topic has grown in controversy. It feels like almost every couple weeks or so this country experiences some sort of awful tragedy due to gun violence. Whether it be a school shooting, movie theater shooting or an innocent person was gunned down on street. Between January 2009 and July 2015, there were 133 mass shootings that took place in the U.S (everytownresearch.org/). This is something that shouldRead MoreBennett Dorton. English 11. 1-26-17.Gun Control In America.1270 Words   |  6 PagesBennett Dorton English 11 1-26-17 Gun Control In America Every time a gun injures or kills in self defense it is used seven times in a criminal assault or homicide; furthermore the main argument against stricter gun laws is the fact that they are needed for self defense. Gun control is a very controversial and debatable topic, and many people have different opinions. In the Constitution, The Second Amendment gives the right to bear arms, but there have been restrictionsRead MoreShould Gun Control Laws be Stricter?1336 Words   |  6 PagesShould gun control laws be stricter? Every day some news related to gun violence are being heard all over the world. Shooting in driveway, public places, schools, homicide and suicide are some of different types of gun violence. Shooting on people and killing them is a big issue in the world and different comments are provided about that. One of the most important of them is about gun control laws. Stingl (2013) says â€Å"The term gun control as it is used in the United States refers to any action takenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control844 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control These days there are many different controversial topics for example, one of these topics is the current situation gun control and whether it should be more or less strict about its rules. I believe that the United States government should increase the amount of gun laws to a federal level so that it would affect all of the states. By doing so it would make it more difficult to attain to guns and it can be kept out of the hands of the wrong people and the black market. By making it moreRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1089 Words   |  5 Pagesis quite a bit of prior research done on gender differences in regard to gun control. The following articles used all help to provide support for the hypothesis that in a comparison of individuals, women are more likely to support stricter gun control laws than men. Most of the articles use polling to help prove this hypothesis, and some even help explain what might cause women to be more supportive of stricter gun control and why this is sign ificant. One article that has research on the subjectRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1453 Words   |  6 PagesGun Control. Just the mention of those two words together is usually enough to start a riot between sides. Those for stricter gun control and those who want better reform with out having the government grip tighten are locked in a political battle with each side using the same weapons. Both sides look to the recent shootings as a banner for their viewpoint and neither side is willing to consider the opposition’s view. This has lead to a rift in the political theater, and a rift across America. Read MoreStricter Mandatory Gun Control Laws884 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica safer we need to be stricter on gun control laws. Although some people prefer less strict, because they feel like it limits their rights. Legislators need to update the background check system, enforce mandatory courses and safety training. Gun control has become one of the biggest topics in the USA over the years, some are in favor of stricter gun control laws and others are against. Moreover guns are the cause of the majority of the crimes in the US, and stricter laws should be applied immediately

American Revolution Essay - 984 Words

American Revolution One of the most important facets of any revolution is violence. This is often a response to the heightened repression or other intolerable demands from the government against its people. The American Revolution is no exception. Following the Seven Years War, England need to recover some of their finances which were lost due to the war. Parliament achieved this by the taxation of the American colonies; the Stamp Act of 1765 is an example of this. This act resulted in outrage from the Colonies and led to rioting, rhetoric, and the formation of the Stamp Act Congress. These actions quickly led to the repel of the Stamp Act; however, there were numerous new taxes levied to take their place. The Americans continued to†¦show more content†¦Like Britain’s two loyal colonies; Florida and Quebec. At the time of the Revolutionary War, there were in actuality fifteen British colonies in America; Florida and Quebec being the two constantly left out. In 1774 England passed the Quebec Act. This Act made Quebec the fourteenth American colony. Quebec’s loyalty was put to the test within a year of the passing of the Act. The rebelling â€Å"original† thirteen colonies sent two armies north to capture and utilized the Quebecian territory. Quebec’s militia had just enough warning to organize its garrison against the forces of Benedict Arnold. In midwinter of 1775 Arnold’s attempt to take seige of the garrison was put asunder when he was wounded by Quebec’s militia. By the following Spring the attacking forces retreated—and the battles at Quebec’s garrison would be the first and last American Revolution battles fought on Canadian soil. Unlike Canada, Britain gained control of Florida in 1763 in exchange for Cuba, which was captured from Spain during the Seven Years’ War. With British rule looming in the future, most of the Spanish residence which inhabited Florida left, leaving Florida virtually bare. The British did not take into account the large populations of Indians and blacks which shared the colony with them. The only two cities with more than a handful of white residence were Pensacola and St. Augustine. These two cities would become the heart of the new â€Å"Floridas†. Parliament split, the then largerShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolution : The Revolution1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution Revolutionizes the World It was the first revolution to majorly succeed and change how people saw their countries, it was the American Revolution. The American Revolution was the first successful revolution against a European empire that provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self-governing nations (New world Encyclopedia, 1).The American Revolution was vital to history because ideas seen by other countries startedRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution999 Words   |  4 PagesBetween 1770 and 1776, resistance to imperial change turned into a full-on revolution. The American Revolution, also known as the Revolutionary War, was a time of revolting and political uprising, in which the 13 colonies separated from the British Empire, forming the independent nation known as the United States of America. Though the American Revolution began because the colonies wanted independence from Britain, many important historical events and revolts also lead to the tensions and resistanceRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution1362 Words   |  6 PagesEvery 4th of July, Americans are told the story of the American Revolution. We remember the oppressed colonists fighting against the tyrannical King George III and the formidable red coats. Patriotic heroes are remembered, evil kings are cursed, and the liberties and freedoms won from the war are celebrated. Though America often likes to look back to the revolution, the question of just how much a revolution was the American Revolution is rarely asked. While the American revolution was not as radicalRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution1582 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The revolution was effected before the war commenced. The revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people.† - John Adams, 1818 This quote means that the revolution actually took place metaphorically before the actually fighting began. It took place in the emotions and thoughts of the Americans. The Road to Revolution After the Seven Years’ War created a financial problem for Britain The British tried to shoulder some of the financial responsibilities onto the Americas in the form of variousRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution850 Words   |  4 PagesIn regards to the American Revolution, the point that armed rebellion became inevitable arrived when after nearly five constant years of American colonist protesting. American s had enough and needed to take a stand for the numerous inequalities they were forced to deal with. It was foreseeable that the American Revolution took place due to the unfair taxes that the British were giving Americans. Also, England was not allowing Americans their freedom, along with violence and the political dominanceRead MoreThe American Revolution877 Words   |  4 Pagespeople believe the American Revolution is strictly liberal, in truth it is conservative evidenced by the new British policies, colonial reactions and the examinations of what it means to be conservative vs. liberal. The American Revolution was triggered, by many laws that were passed between 1763 and 1775 that controlled trade and taxes. This legislation caused pressure between colonists and imperial officers, who had made it clear that the British Parliament would not address American complaints relatingRead MoreThe American Revolution871 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution was the struggle by which thirteen colonies won independence from Great Britain, to become what we now know as The United States of America. The American Revolution came about primarily because the colonists had matured. Their interests and goals were so different and distant from those of the mother country. Local politics, practices, social customs, religious beliefs, and economic interests had gone so far from the English ways. The American Revolution had a tremendous impactRead MoreThe American Revolution1543 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution was one of the most important battles in history. It led to the Declaration of Independence and the freedom of America from the British. No one can really say what the exact cause of the Revolution was, but there were many important social, cultural, political and economic causes that led up to the war. I believe one of the main economic reasons the Americans wanted to become free from the British and start the Revolution, was because of all the taxes the British imposedRead MoreThe American Revolution Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pageshistorians might argue that the American Revolution was not so revolutionary in its nature, there is no denying the lasting effects that it has had not only on the continent, but the world. Through an analysis of documents from this period and the social, political, and economic changes that occurred in the colonies, it is clear that the colonial governmental system was radically changed during this time period. The political ideas that emerged from this revolution have shaped modern democratic governmentsRead MoreThe American Revolution1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution has provided no shortage of patriotic and romanticized images and ideals for the general public throughout history. Indeed, to this very day, Americans hark back to this ‘glorious achievement’ with pride and use it as fuel for everything from selling jeans (Levi/Strauss) to the creation of video games (Assassin’s Creed.) But the question has remained, for all the hoopla and â€Å"remembrance† that surrounds this period in western history – was this revolution justified? As the

Compare historical and current features of public health free essay sample

Public health efforts are planning to protect the general health and safety of the population by taking measures to prevent or avoid the transmission of disease. Historically, measures such as quarantines were enforced, where there were no means to vaccinate or inoculate to prevent the spread of a dangerous transmissible disease. In more modern times, vaccines were developed to protect against diseases, and of course, in the case of smallpox, the disease was able to be eliminated in 1979, so theres no longer a need to vaccinate against it. In modern times, there is little reliance on quarantine, though people with multiply-antibiotic-resistant TB and other diseases may be detained and isolated. In the early 19th century, the growing towns of Britain were characterised by overcrowding, poor housing, bad water and disease. In 1842, Edwin Chadwick argued that disease was the main reason for poverty, and that preventing disease would reduce the poor rates. In 1848, a cholera epidemic terrified the government into doing something about prevention of disease, through both public and individual health measures. Further measures included: †¢In 1848 the first Public Health Act caused the setting up of a Board of Health, and gave towns the right to appoint a Medical Officer of Health. †¢In 1853 vaccination against smallpox was made compulsory. †¢In 1854 improvements in hospital hygiene were introduced (thanks in large part to Florence Nightingale). †¢In 1875 a Public Health Act enforced laws about slum clearance, provision of sewers and clean water, and the removal of nuisances. †¢In 1906 local councils were told to provide free school meals for poor children. In 1907 school medical examinations were ordered for all children (among these examinations were those of the nitty nurse). †¢In 1908 Old-age pensions were introduced. †¢In 1911 National Insurance (free medical treatment for workers who fell ill) was introduced. Nineteenth century ?Chicken Pox: this is one of the most common diseases which children are most likely to get. It will emerge in the form of little spots and round. The illness will give you a fever, chills, headaches and sometimes aching in the back and limbs. You will first not notice that you have chicken pox until they appear as spots. This is not the same as small pox this on its own is a distinct disease. Neither vaccination or small pox can protect anyone from getting chicken pox, it is very contagious nor is anyone at risk of catching them. Chickenpox causes a red, itchy skin rash that usually appears first on the abdomen or back and face, and then spreads to almost everywhere else on the body, including the scalp, mouth, arms, legs, and genitals. The rash begins as multiple small red bumps that look like pimples or insect bites, usually less than a quarter of an inch wide. They appear in crops over 2 to 4 days and develop into thin-walled blisters filled with fluid. The blister walls break, leaving open sores, which finally crust over to become dry, brown scabs. The rash is very itchy, and cool baths or calamine lotion may help to manage the itching. Chicken pox may not exist as much now because more people are getting their children vaccinated at a young age to help not to prevent chicken pox, and now we now the actual causes of this and we are now more advanced. ?Cholera: this is one of the most feared diseases, it is infectious, and it is caused by drinking water from a contaminated item. When you get cholera is causes a slowing in the blood circulation and it will cause the skin to become blue and shrunken it can also cause deaths. Some people believe that cholera is caused by eating fruits and vegetables. The most common symptoms of cholera are: †¢extensive, watery diarrhea †¢nausea †¢vomiting †¢muscle cramps Around three-quarters of people who are exposed to cholera bacteria do not develop any symptoms. However, these people can contaminate water by passing faeces that contain bacteria into water, or pass on the disease through poor food hygiene. However, things have changed over time and we now have vaccinations and treatments to help to reduce the number of people with Cholera. There is a vaccine which is given as a drink that protects against cholera. Vaccination is usually only required for: †¢people travelling in remote areas where cholera epidemics are occurring and there is limited access to medical care †¢those intending to visit high-risk areas such as refugee camps or war zones †¢those taking part in disaster relief operations These people include emergency relief workers, members of the armed forces and healthcare workers. It is important to get advice from your nurse or doctor about whether you need a cholera vaccination well in advance of travelling; the vaccine is available free on the NHS. Cholera needs prompt treatment with oral rehydration solution (ORS) to prevent dehydration and shock. ORS comes in a sachet; it is made up of a mixture of salts and glucose, which are dissolved in water. ORS is ideal for replacing the fluids and minerals that are lost when a person becomes dehydrated. As well as treating dehydration and shock with ORS, antibiotics can be used to treat the underlying infection. ORS sachets are available from many pharmacists, camping shops and travel clinics. If you are travelling to regions of the world affected by cholera, take ORS sachets as a precaution. ?Consumption: this is also known as ‘tuberculosis (TB)’ is another common cause of deaths; the word consumption was named as it described the action of the body tissue wasting away. This is highly contagious and the bacteria which it causes is found in milks and other foods and sometimes in the saliva of a person which has the diseases, researchers found out that only direct sunlight will kill the bacteria. In 1882, Robert Koch discovered that the bacteria which caused this disease were barely visible in the human eye, this will cause it to attach and grow in every organ of the body, including the lungs and the brain. This mainly affects the lungs. However, it can affect any part of the body, including the bones and nervous system. Typical symptoms of this include: †¢having a persistent cough for more than three weeks that brings up phlegm, which may be bloody †¢weight loss †¢high temperature (fever) †¢tiredness and fatigue †¢loss of appetite  TB is caused by a bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis, it affects the lungs is the only form of the condition that is contagious and usually only spreads after prolonged exposure to someone with the illness. For example, TB often spreads within a family who live in the same house. In most healthy people, the immune system kills the bacteria and you have no further symptoms. However, sometimes the immune system ca nnot kill the bacteria, but manages to prevent it from spreading in the body. This means you will not have any symptoms, but the bacteria will remain in your body. This is known as latent TB. If the immune system fails to kill or contain the infection, it can spread to the lungs or other parts of the body and symptoms will develop within a few weeks or months. This is known as active TB. There is now treatment and vaccination for this, with treatment. A TB infection can usually be cured. Most people will need a course of antibiotics, usually for six months. Several different antibiotics are used; this is because some forms of TB are resistant to certain antibiotics. If you are infected with a drug-resistant form of TB, treatment can last as long as 18 months. If you are in close contact with someone who has TB, tests may be carried out to see if you are also infected. These can include a chest X-ray and blood tests. Vaccination currently, BCG vaccinations are only recommended for groups of people who are at a higher risk of developing TB. This includes children living in areas with high rates of TB or those who have close family members from countries with high TB rates; it is also recommended that some people, such as healthcare workers, are vaccinated due to the increased risk of contracting TB while working. Small pox: this affects people of all ages however; it is especially fatal to young children. This is caused by a virus which makes small blister like bumps on the skin sometimes even the mouth and throat. If this virus makes your throat swell up it can cause difficulty to breath, if you catch this and you survive you will not catch this again. This information was used to find a vaccine to prevent the disease. Smallpox is contagious that means the virus can spread to others. It spreads through tiny drops of an infected persons saliva when the person coughs, talks, or sneezes. Smallpox usually passes from person to person during close, face-to-face contact. If someone does get smallpox, a doctor can recognise the disease because it causes a special kind of rash. The rash shows up as blisters on the skin that fill with fluid and crust over. This might sound like chickenpox, but the blisters look different from the blisters that chickenpox causes. The other symptoms of smallpox are like those of many other less serious illnesses: fever, headache, backache, and feeling tired. A vaccine, a type of shot, can prevent infection with the virus that causes smallpox. Years ago, people were vaccinated against smallpox. Today, smallpox vaccines arent given because nobody has had the disease for many years. This has changed over time because science has improved more, now in the twenty-first century there are more advanced people and scientist and things have improved much more since the nineteenth century. The doctors and scientist have found out more cures and reasons for diseases and they are able to help out more people. Also the NHS is free therefore; more people are able to get free treatment for the diseases or infections that they have. Sanitation and Hygiene: There was a lack of sanitation because at the time the government never took this matter seriously as no one was complaining about the issue. The higher class people never had to live like the lower class and they never had to deal with the poor sanitation because they had the money and the power to live healthy lives and in better conditions. Therefore, the lower class did not complain about the issue as not one would listen to them and even if they did not one will act upon the issue to make it better. When Mr. Black looked into this situation he found out that the sewage system was not correctly working making the environment smell, when he raised this issue to the parliament they acted as if they never had enough money to place a proper sewage system to help improve the environment. Lack of sanitation now affects about 2. 4 billion of the world’s population and is expected to rise to 50% by 2025. Diarrhoea caused by bad sanitation kills nearly 6,000 children a day, an annual toll of two million deaths. People suffering from waterborne diseases occupy half the world’s hospital beds. Already half of Asia’s population lacks adequate sanitation and in China, India and Indonesia twice as many people die from diarrhoeal diseases as from HIV/Aids. In developing countries 80% of all disease results from a combination of poor hygiene, contaminated water and poor sanitation. Parasitic infections are also exacerbated by poor sanitation; the report estimates that 1. 5 billion people have parasitic worm infections. Such worms, whilst they may not cause death, lead to stunted growth and general debilitation. Among the diseases resulting from poor sanitation, unclean water and poor waste disposal are dysentery, cholera, typhus fever, typhoid and trachoma. Sanitation will be affected by the amount of people that are in the population, for example, if there are an increasing amount of people growing in the society there will need to be more sanitation because if they do not fit in more sanitation systems then the old ones will get worn out by being used continually, and over time it will stop working correctly therefore, it is important that the government start to build more sanitation systems so there will be no danger of the society to be exposed to harmful waste because the sanitation system fails to work. On the other hand, if the population decreased there will be no need for loads of sanitation systems and the government will be able to save a lot of money. When you have poor sanitation it can cause diseases such as: †¢Diarrhoea; this caused by different micro-organisms including viruses and bacteria. This causes a person to lose both water and electrolytes, which leads to dehydration and, in some cases, to death. Repeated episodes of diarrhoeal disease makes children more vulnerable to other diseases and malnutrition. Diarrhoea is the most important public health problem directly related to water and sanitation. The simple act of washing hands with soap and water can cut diarrhoeal disease by one-third. Next to providing adequate sanitation facilities, it is the key to preventing waterborne diseases. †¢HIV/AIDS; A hygienic environment, clean water and adequate sanitation are key factors in preventing opportunistic infections associated with HIV/AIDS, and in the quality of life of people living with the disease. AIDS-affected people are more susceptible to water-related diseases than healthy individuals, and they become sicker from these infections than people with healthy immune systems. Maintaining a healthy environment is essential to safeguarding the health, quality of life and productivity of people living with HIV/AIDS. †¢Cholera; Cholera is an acute bacterial infection of the intestinal tract. It causes severe attacks of diarrhoea that, without treatment, can quickly lead to acute dehydration and death. Cholera is a world-wide problem, especially in emergency situations. It can be prevented by access to safe drinking water, sanitation and good hygiene behaviour (including food hygiene). †¢Malaria; Malaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite carried by certain types of mosquitoes. Humans are infected when bitten by the mosquitoes. Reducing the mosquito population in households and communities by eliminating standing water (caused by poor drainage and uncovered water tanks) can be an important factor in reducing malaria cases. This has changed over time because in the twenty-first century people and the government have realised to live healthy lives it is important to have good sanitation and hygiene because if they do not have good sanitation or hygiene its very likely that diseases and infections will spread around causing many people to get ill. Technology have now improved therefore, the government is able to put more advance technology in place to help in the environment. Environment: Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earths atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earths mean surface temperature has increased by about 0. 8 °C, with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. Warming of the climate system is clear, and scientists are more than 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases made by human activities such as the burning of fissile fuels and deforestation. These findings are recognised by the national science academies of all major industrialised nations. During the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 2. 9 °C for their lowest emissions scenario and 2. 4 to 6. 4  °C for their highest. The ranges of these estimates arise from the use of models with differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations. The effects of an increase in global temperature include a rise in sea levels and a change in the amount and pattern of rain, as well a probable expansion of subtropical desert. Warming is expected to be strongest in Antarctica and would be associated with the continuing sea ice. Other likely effects of the warming include a more frequent occurrence of extreme whether events including heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the loss of habitat from inundation. Proposed policy responses to global warming include mitigation by releases reduction, adaptation to its effects. Most countries have policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. The Earth’s average surface temperature rose by 0. 18 °C, over the period 1906–2005. The rate of warming over the last half of that period was almost double that for the period as a whole 0. 03 °C per decade, versus 0. 02 °C per decade. Temperatures in the lower troposphere have increased between 0. 13 and 0. 22 °C per decade since 1979, according to satellite temperature measurements. Climate substitutions show the temperature to have been relatively stable over the one or two years before 1850. The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in pale climate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified. In the late 19th century, scientists first argued that human emissions of greenhouse gases could change the climate, but the calculations were disputed. Many other theories of climate change were advanced, involving forces from volcanism to solar variation. In the 1960s, the warming effect of carbon dioxide gas became increasingly convincing, although some scientists also pointed out that human activities, in the form of atmospheric aerosols e. g. pollution, could have cooling effects as well. During the 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint. By the 1990s, as a result of improving fidelity of computer models and observational work confirming the Milankovitch theory of the ice ages, a consensus position formed: greenhouse gases were deeply involved in most climate changes, and human emissions were bringing serious global warming. Some challenges we face now are: 1. Climate Change: this has been concerning scientists for decades, from the melting polar ice caps to catastrophic weather and threatened ecosystems, not only is climate change real, scientists agree that humans are influencing climate change with our production of greenhouse gases (mainly stemming from carbon dioxide and methane). 2. Energy: clean energy vs. dirty energy. Renewable energy, energy independence, petroleum, biofuels and coal. 3. Waste: with the immediate looming problems of climate change and energy, focus has shifted away from landfill waste, but this is a serious problem. The world has largely gotten accustomed to a throwaway lifestyle, but that’s neither healthy nor sustainable. Waterways are choked with trash and modernised nations ship their undesirable leftovers to the developing world. Fashion, fast food, packaging and cheap electronics are just some of the problems 4. Water: Pure water is in short supply. Our global reserves of drinkable water are a fraction of 1% and 1 in 5 humans does not have access to potable (safe) water. Many people do not realise that strife has already broken out in some stressed regions. Overall, I have learnt the difference between the diseases in the nineteenth century and the twenty-first century, in the twenty-first century there is more cures for diseases then there was in nineteenth century. More people know the reasons behind certain diseases and why they be caused and we are now able to produce cures for most diseases and we are now able to help most people around different places.