The History Of Psychology Essays - Psychological Theories

The History Of Psychology The History of brain research Underlying foundations of current brain science stay in the past at the hour of antiquated Greece, yet the start of brain research has been around for almost a century. It's careful date is 1879, in Leipzig, Germany. Leipzig was the main research facility for test brain research. Wilhelm Wundt was actually the main individual to really consider himself an analyst. He was the main individual to have an exploratory lab for brain research. Hermann Von Helmholtz was therapist in arithmetic and test scientific material science. His works are associated with the eye, the ear, and the sensory system. Someone else was a German also, his name was Gustav Fechner, he concentrated how physical incitement is converted into sensations, every one of the three of these folks at that point thought of determinism. Structuralism, presented in the United States by Edward Titchener, accentuates the what of mental substance as opposed to the why or how. This hypothesis depends on assuming every single mental experience could be comprehended in a mix of occasions of components broken into littler pieces. A model could be smelling a scent and attempting to break down what the fixings are. The contention is that this shortsighted hypothesis depends on impressions of the awareness. Functionalism, as indicated by William James, is the capacity for learned propensities that assist life forms with adjusting to the earth and capacity viably. Structuralism scans for components and substance, yet functionalism goes into the property of the brain and it's communications with nature. John Dewy is a renowned functionalist who utilized this hypothesis in searching for approaches to improve training. So as to comprehend a conduct, activity, or thought, it is critical to comprehend the capacity or reason it serves not what the structure might be. In otherwords, clarify behaviorism instead of control them. Evolutionism, a hypothesis created by Charles Darwin, suggests that all species have ever-changing attributes that help creatures and species make due in what is called characteristic determination process. Functionalism manages conduct though evolutionism manages the procedure of conduct and mental procedures. Structuralism then again manages what makes up the structure or human psyche.

Pervasive Decision VA9-02166 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unavoidable Decision VA9-02166 - Essay Example The utilization of words like strong, compelling or significant are just useful when anybody needs to remember just inquiry (Oxman-Martinez et al., 2005), and thus the main test, that can be gotten from the meaning of Convention Refugee in Section 2 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act does the inquirer currently have an all around established and certified dread of abuse? In the wake of thinking about all the conditions, the youthful Tamil male looked in association with getting LTTE data by the Sri Lankan armed force, paramilitary organizations and the administration, the petitioner recorded a case of displaced person status looking for security from the referenced powers of Sri Lanka (LaViolette, 2004). Segment 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act expresses that the assurance is constrained to the petitioners who face some particular dangers that are not confronted for the most part by others in or from the nation and in this way, the inquirer isn't an individual needing insurance (Dauvergne, 2003). In this occasion, despite the fact that the war of September 2006 is finished and circumstance is diverse in Sri Lanka, that doesn't support Refugee Protection Act, so the youthful Tamil man ought to get security (Kruger, Mulder and Korenic, 2004). The Members of the equity board must mull over the new confirmations accessible from the present year of 2009 where despite the fact that the circumstance is unique, the circumstance of the youthful Tamil male is the same. Henceforth, the paramilitary organizations, Sri Lankan armed force and government authorities need to rethink their conviction that the youthful male has a place with the LTTE gathering. Absolution International Report 2010, pp. 301-303 and Item 2.3. Joined Kingdom (UK). 22 October 2009. Remote and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and Home Office. Report of Information Gathering Visit to Colombo, Sri Lanka 23-29 August 2009 (PDF, 215 KB). Oxman-Martinez, J., Hanley, J., Lach, L.,

Unethical Business Research Essay Example for Free

Dishonest Business Research Essay Research is significant in any business to decipher information being gathered to improve or make new revelations. The article read was about Dr. Charm Suk Hwang who utilized unscrupulous research to upgrade his profession in the realm of science. Hwang hurt everybody who was engaged with his work. Persuading that his examination was genuine he given bogus expectation into his new revelations. Attempting to make sense of why he would need to demolish his vocation and how this could have been maintained a strategic distance from is imperative to why he utilized manufactured research. Investigating the untrustworthy choices made by Dr. Charm Suk Hwang will help individuals see what could be potential ramifications for utilizing bogus outcomes in inquire about material. Dr. Charm Suk Hwang, an educator of theriogenology and biotechnology at Seoul National University (SNU), started his work in 1999 when he told how he could clone a creature (Logan, Park, amp; Jeon, 2010). Individuals started to treat Hwang like a legend in the wake of distributing two papers about immature microorganisms in 2004 and 2005 in Science and later a paper in Nature where it was discussing how he cloned the main pooch (Logan, Park, amp; Jeon, 2010). In late December 2005, Hwang was found to have adulterated information by an inside examination at SNU (Logan, Park, amp; Jeon, 2010). SNU framed a board to examine the charges and inside around a month they assembled a fifty page report (Kukak, 2009). The aftereffects of SNU’s examination discharged in late December 2005 which was trailed by the withdrawal of Hwang’s work by Science in January 2006 and Hwang’s affirmation of logical extortion in March 2006 (Logan, Park, amp; Jeon, 2010). While directing his examination Hwang misrepresented his outcomes by not refering to exact outcomes and not furnishing the members with data on the genuine dangers of egg gift. South Korean’s National Board of Bioethics showed that not all the contributors got data on the genuine wellbeing dangers of egg gift, moreover, sixteen givers required treatment for impacts from the strategy( Kukak, 2009). By not giving individuals exact dangers Hwang neglected to secure his exploration members. Hwang likewise distorted the papers in Science which were illed with bogus research that has never been precisely recorded. This could prompt individuals going off research that had never been attempted and cause damage to new analysts. Hwang hurt a few people by the improper research that was obtained. Before the consequences of SNU’s aftereffects of the inside examination Hwang was viewed as Korea’s most significant researcher (Logan, Park, amp; Jeon, 2010). At the point when it was revealed to be bogus information and that the exploration was not genuine it harmed everybody who had faith in him. This helped the network to see that further moves should have been made to see this could no longer contrarily sway the whole academic network. The general public saw that needing to drive further in undifferentiated organism investigate was significant yet making up bogus data was not the path proposed to accomplish this significant milestone. The primary responses to the embarrassment concentrated looking into the issue: the impeding consequences for open trust toward science and undifferentiated cell examine, the financial harms in the field’s subsidizing, the misfortune in the market estimation of the biotech business, and furthermore the negative impacts on the approach banter (Kakuk, 2009). The dishonest conduct submitted by Hwang has made logical magazines and the press be cautious when distributing data for their articles (Kakuk, 2009). After the embarrassment the diary chose to set up an autonomous board to assess the production procedure (Kakuk, 2009). Dr. Hwang was influenced by having his papers editorially withdrawn structure the Journal after the colossal measure of manufactured information was found (Kakuk, 2009). Hwang later admitted to different double dealings and was terminated structure the college on March 20, 2006 (Kakuk, 2009). The general public was additionally contrarily affected in light of the fact that presently further development in this field may not be investigated. This thus can remove structure the financing and occupations that may of created upon victories of the effectively accumulated information. Unscrupulous conduct utilized by Hwang could have been kept away from by effectively detailing the accumulated information. This case assisted with featuring a requirement for universally acknowledged rules for the lead of research (Kakuk, 2009). In the event that Hwang would have esteemed his associates and his own capacities as a researcher this case would have neglected to exist. Hwang became pushed by the general public to create results and wound up allowing everybody to down. Attempting to satisfy others prompted the excusal of Hwang’s work and the regard of his devotees. Dr. Hwang’s case indicated how unscrupulous research can prompt the excusal of your job and vocation. An exceptionally capable individual is presently carrying on with an existence of what morals can do when you choose to mishandle them. Seeing his exploration individuals were flabbergasted to hear what was being practiced and considered him to be a saint. Soon after Hwang was shamed and made to show the outcomes of not utilizing solid morals to settle on positive choices. Hwang influenced his colleagues, researchers, and his general public by utilizing administrative financing to make bogus information that individuals utilized before the acknowledgment that what they thought to be genuine was just resolved to be an untruth.

The 35 Best College Farms

The addition of farms to college campuses has grown over the past decade, and the reasons for this growth are as varied as college farms themselves. Farm-to-table meals at restaurants are becoming increasingly popular, requiring many students in the food industry to need some background in agriculture, sustainability, and food production. Today’s college farms are not simply research facilities as they have been in the past. College farms provide students with hands-on experience in the growth of crops and animals. Students are able to learn more about how plants thrive, what can damage their growth and how best to maximize yield in a crop. The life-cycle of animals is demonstrated first-hand, providing information for all types of career paths, including veterinary medicine and pharmaceutical development. Campus farms also provide benefits to the community. Although the main purpose of a campus farm is for students to learn, they also provide opportunities for student organizations, many of which serve the community that surrounds the campus. Some campuses arrange for tables at local farmers’ markets where students can sell the fresh produce or other products produced by the farm, allowing them to build networks within the community that can help further them in their careers. There is ample research to indicate that spending time in green space restores mental clarity and refocuses attention. Gardening and managing animals has long been known to reduce anxiety and depression. It has also helped many hospital patients recover quickly. Farms provide a powerful social atmosphere, giving participants ownership in what is produced. Sustainability is a big factor in environmental concerns today. More people are seeking ways to sustain quality of living while reducing their carbon footprint. Campus farms provide insight into ways to live a more healthy, frugal and natural lifestyle, making a college farm beneficial for students studying nutrition, sports medicine and other human health programs. These 35 college farms are considered the top ranking in the United States. The farm integrates well with students on campus, providing all students with the opportunity to benefit from the farm. In addition, they are strongly integrated into the community with students interacting with local citizens as part of their education in a way that may not be possible without the farm. The farms are sustainable, and each of them has courses taught directly on the farm, not just in a classroom. 35 DartmouthCollege The Dartmouth Organic Farm is operated through the school’s Sustainability Office. It is just north of the campus and has two acres of production. The farm grows flowers, herbs, and vegetables that are all certified organic. It has been in operation for over four years and is entirely student-operated, although there is a farm manager-advisor. Field research is performed on the farm and, because it also offers leisure activities along the river that runs adjacent, professors often hold other classes there when the weather is suitable. The farm hopes to implement renewable energy, alternative waste treatment, composting toilet facilities, a biogas digester, and conservation technology shortly. Students are asked to commit two or three hours a few times each week in order to handle one crop, giving them an education based in seed-to-sale. There are internships available as well. The farm is located along a river that allows boating, swimming, and fishing. The community is permit ted to use the farm for birding or to learn more about natural history as well as visit the Greenhouse. You can learn more about the farm and programming here​. 34 College of the Atlantic The College of the Atlantic offers students two campus farms – Beech Hill and Peggy Rockefeller Farms. Beech Hill is a MOFGA certified organic farm on 73 acres that includes vegetable fields, heirloom apple orchards, five greenhouses and an open forest. There are also pastures for pig and poultry. It is a working farm that grows produce and meat not only for the College of the Atlantic but also for the surrounding community. The farm provides the college with a sustainable system of food production. The farm also operates a seasonal farm market and sells to local merchants as well. The Peggy Rockefeller Farms are part of the largest contiguous area of historic farmland in the area. The farm was a gift from David Rockefeller to be used in perpetuity for agriculture and conservation. All electricity is generated by solar panels. There are fruit trees planted near the farmhouse; pastures have been limed, and there is and established a vegetable garden, among other things. The cam pus farm has a small flock of Romeny and Katahdin sheep that were funded through a seed grant. There are also cows and chickens and an orchard. The farm uses composting as part of its sustainability program. Courses are offered on the farm and students may also use the farm for independent research and group study. You can learn more about the farm and its programming here​. 33 California Polytechnic State University The Cal Poly campus farm is a nine-acre production unit operated by the Horticulture and Crop Science Department. The farm is certified organic by the California Certified Organic Farmers (CCOF) and provides students with hands-on experiences. Produce grown on the farm is marketed to the local community and is sold in local farmer’s markets. There is also a campus farm market and many restaurants in the area are customers of the farm. Any produce not sold is donated to a local Food Bank. Research is conducted on the farm, and there are classes scheduled directly on the farm acreage providing students real-world situations in the areas of organic farming, sustainability, and gardening practices. You can learn more about the farm and programming here​. 32 Western Washington University The Outback, a joint effort between the Associated Students and Fairhaven College is a five-acre farm designed to coordinate a wide range of opportunities for students. There are personal and collaborative events and projects related to organic gardening, sustainable land use, and habitat restoration. Students obtain meaningful networking opportunities through their contact with the community during their work on the farm. There are classes held there as well as workshops and lectures. Not only are students provided volunteer opportunities through The Outback, but they may also find paid employment on the farm. There is a community garden with plots available at no cost to students, staff, faculty and community members. There is also a herb and ethnobotany garden as well as an amphitheater that can be used as an outdoor classroom. You can learn more about the farm and programming here​. 31 Duke University Duke University has a college farm dedicated to creating positive change in growing methods, eating habits and the understanding of food. The farm uses sustainable methods to grow produce, and there is a living laboratory designed for food-related research. It began as a student project in 2010 but has evolved into a working farm that supplies thousands of pounds of fresh produce to campus dining halls. There is a Community-Supported Agricultural (CSA) system that connects the farm to consumers. Members of the CSA are able to obtain produce throughout the summer season, providing students with excellent community networking capabilities. Duke also offers transportation in the form of free Uber rides between the main campus and the farm. Food Studycourses work in conjunction with the farm, often holding classes there. You can learn more about the farm and their programming here​. 30 Earlham College The Miller Farm at Earlham College furthers the campus’ long history of engaging in agriculture. The farm focuses on sustainable living and explorative learning for students. The farm began in 2014 and, by 2016 had about one-acre of land planted with plans to plant significantly more. There are also community garden plots, and a large portion of the farm is planted with hay as an income-bearing crop. A new composting facility, a high tunnel, and a shipping container are some of the sustainable projects the Miller Farm plans to implement shortly. Students often lead Sustainable Agriculture Practicums at the farm, and the farm is managed by students. There are also goats and chickens, although they meat birds for meat. Students may live on the farm but are required to perform chores like feeding animals, gathering eggs, composting, making bread, cleaning house or getting wood. Up to eight people can live in the farmhouse which also houses several cats used for mouse control. The students who live on the farm must participate in Saturday â€Å"Farm Days,† open to all Earlham students starting at 10:30 AM. A homemade lunch is provided at 1:30 PM. You can learn more about the farm and programming here​. 29 Penn State University Operated by the College of Agricultural Sciences, Penn State University has a farm operation that manages crops and livestock as a teaching tool. Penn State Extension also has a Farm Management program where students can develop an understanding of the best methods for managing a farming business. The college farms include a Beef-Sheep Center where they raise brood cows, calves, herd sires and market cattle. There is also a Dairy Barn where approximately 500 animals are housed. The Haller Farmhouses 200 Angus and crossbred beef cattle which are used for education, genetics, nutrition and forage research. Approximately 75 percent of the cattle born are marketed to meat processors, providing students with networking opportunities in the community. The farms are sustainable, using animal manure efficiently and providing land stewardship. The crops grown on the farm are used primarily for livestock food. You can learn more about the farm and programming here​. 28 Sterling College Sterling Farm has been an important part of Sterling College’s education since the school began. It is ecologically-focused and is a part of campus life. Almost 20 percent of the food eaten on the campus is grown on the farm and almost one-quarter of the students who attend work on the farm. This provides them with hands-on experience in crop management, livestock lifecycles, woodlands and the diverse power systems used. The school has been a leader in offering â€Å"real food† to students with 74 percent of the food served on campus considered natural or organic. The farm has gardens, pastures, and forested land. The McCarthy Barns house hogs, sheep, steers and hens during inclement weather, while during grass-feeding season, the animals are found in the pastures. This includes a flock of meat-birds of broilers and turkeys. Draft horses housed in the Alfond Barn are the main power source. There is a green woodworking studio and a farrier shop as well, providing student s with networking opportunities with the local community. Crops are planted in raised beds while others are horse-cultivated. Approximately 60 different vegetable crops, as well as some fruits, nuts, and other tree fruits, are also produced. You can learn more about the farm and programming here​. 27 University of Idaho The Palouse Research, Extension, and Education Center at the University of Idaho has eight facilities that provide education or research into plant and animal sciences. The Beef Center includes a Charolais herd used in judging clinics, contests, and fairs throughout the region. The cattle is marketed to ranches throughout the Northwest, providing students with an insight into the sales aspect of farming. There are 100 milking cows in the Dairy Center, an almost pure Holstein herd that is milked twice each day. There is also a Sheep Center that provides locations for research and education related to veterinary science, sheering, handling and marketing. None of the land on the Kambitsch Farm is irrigated, but approximately 180 acres are used for field plot research. No-till and minimum-till research is conducted on the farm, and approximately 15 acres is used for livestock pasture. The Parker Farm is also used to grow crops for research. The Sixth Street Greenhouse are fully automated and environmentally controlled. It has its own weather station that records temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction as well as photosynthetically useful sunlight. There is also a feed mill and entomological laboratory. You can learn more about the farm and programming here​. 26 Washington State University The Eggert Family Organic Farm at Washington State University operates through the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. It has been certified organic since 2004 and is committed to education, research, and extension. The main goal of the farm is to provide students with the skills necessary to grow organic fruits and vegetables in a small-scale environment. In addition to 30 annual crops, the farm includes a herb garden, medicinal herb garden, and some fruits. The campus farm is irrigated using an efficient drip system. All labor is provided by students and volunteers. There is a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program which is a partnership between farmers and customers. Members are able to purchase produce from the college farm providing students with the ability to develop relationships with community members. You can learn more about the farm and programming here​. 25 Prescott College Juniper Well Ranch is a 42-acre guest ranch used by Prescott College to provide students with an understanding of agroecology and equine sciences. It is home to some of the largest Alligator juniper trees in the world and is surrounded by the Prescott National Forest. There are also cottonwood and mesquite trees students use for hands-on studies. Ecological principals to agriculture production are the focus and studies are spread throughout the growing season to give students an overview of the entire cycle. The farm uses Natural Systems Agriculture, a perennial system created to mimic natural plant communities in a particular ecosystem. Regionally adapted crops maintain genetic diversity while conserving water and maintaining the fertility of the soil. You can learn more about Prescott College here​. 24 University of Virginia The Blandy Experimental Farm has an arboretum that consists of 5,000 living trees that include conifers, boxwood and cedar of Lebanon alee. There is an herb garden and the Virginia Native Plant Trail. Field-based ecological research is conducted at the farm, including plant pollination, plant-animal interaction, gypsy moth destruction and other studies that have led to significant discovery. In addition to programs offered to students at UVA, Blandy Farm provides inquiry-based education to Pre-Kindergarten through 12th Grade students at area schools. There are public programs available as well that include workshops, lectures, tours and children’s camps. You can learn more about the farm and programming here​. 23 Berry College Berry College Farms are considered one of the college’s student enterprises. The entire farm is operated by students as part of a work-experience program. Students develop and maintain the ongoing operation with faculty acting as co-manager. Berry Farms has seven components that include: AgriEducation Angus Beef Berry Bees Blue Hen Eggs Genetics Jersey Milk Martha’s Herbs Season’s Harvest The AgriEducation Department provides interactive tours to elementary schools in the area, all led by college students. The tours are specially written to meet Georgia Curriculum Standards. This gives students a unique opportunity to not only give back to the community but to improve their own teaching skills in a hands-on setting. Many of the departments provide consumables including cheeses, honey, fresh herbs, eggs or milk to the local community, adding to the understanding of growth, processing, and marketing in the agricultural community.​ You can learn more about the farm and programming here​. 22 University of Maine The Rogers Farm Forage and crop Research Facility provides students with a location for sustainable agriculture research, extension, and projects. Crops grown on the farm include corn, potatoes, beans, grains and mixed vegetables. The Penobscot County Master Gardeners Demonstration Garden is housed on the site, and students operate the Black Bear Food Guild, a community-supported agriculture program. Both projects provide students with real-world experience beyond agriculture, giving them connections in the community and allowing them to see the true farm-to-table process. Research into organic cereal production and nutrient management, as well as ecological weed control and pest management, has been conducted at the college farm. Research performed on tuber formation in potatoes at Rogers farm became useful to potato growers. You can learn more about the farm and programming here. 21 Cornell University Cornell University has several college farms designed to provide students with hands-on learning and to serve the community. Host work parties are held throughout the year allowing volunteers to work the fields and gain experience. The farms are sustainable with a composting facility that collects about 850 tons of food scraps from campus dining halls. The farm also assists in the disposal of animal manure and bedding from the School of Veterinary Medicine. Plant material from ground houses are also composted on the farm. Dulman Hill Farm provides organic produce to the dining halls and also sells directly to the public. There is also a turf and landscape center, orchards a vegetable research farm and a Musgrave research facility. Students are provided extensive experience dealing with community members. They develop an understanding of animal and plant life, from seed or birth all the way through the marketing process. You can learn more about the farm and programming here​. 20 Ferrum College The Titmus Agricultural Center creates opportunities for students to gain hands-on experience in the agricultural industry. The Farm-to-Cafà © Program markets produce grown on the farm to campus dining halls while projects using livestock allow students to develop real-world experience. Students have been actively involved in building the farm, from constructing greenhouses to managing gardens. Trips to local, state and regional gardens, nurseries and orchards provide additional learning experiences. There are sheep, cattle, and horses as well as a greenhouse that provides students methods for blending natural science and crop studies. A Show and Grow event is held each year around Earth Day with the local community invited to learn more about sustainable agriculture. The Giving Garden collaborates with community gardens who donate to local individuals who are in need, providing students with a sense of giving back to the community. You can learn more about the farm and programming here​. 19 University of Minnesota Duluth The SAP Farm Land Lab at the University of Minnesota Duluth provides students with a solutions-oriented approach to working on an organic farm. The farm is sustainable with a farm-scale wind turbine, climate resilient water systems, and biodiversity enhancement. Students are provided access to the community through partnerships such as the Intertribal Agriculture Council, the Northeast Beekeepers Association and more. More than 90 percent of the produce grown at the location is for use on campus. There are also many green programs such as the Student Sustainability Coalition and Net Impact. Students are also able to conduct research on ecosystems, plant and animal populations and how species react to a changing landscape. Academic classes, workshops, and training programs are held on the farm. Communication with the public and engaging the community is stressed throughout all the programs offered at the farm. You can learn more about the farm and programming here​. 18 Pomona College Farm The Pomona College Farm is a working farm on campus that consists of fruit trees, vegetables, herbs, chickens and bee hives. There is a West Farm with fruit trees, plots chickens, and an outdoor classroom. It also has a composting toilet and is where the Earth Dome is located. The East Farm contains an orchard, crops, banana grove, greenhouse, and beehives. It also has a composting system. The farm plans to add a produce refrigerator, a covered kitchen area, farm vehicle and other products. One recent addition is the Indigenous Heritage Garden. The college also operates a farm stand allowing students to improve their marketing and business skills as well as their knowledge of agriculture. This also provides them with a connection to the community as well as additional networking options. The campus also sponsors the Claremont Food Justice Summit with events, workshops, and speakers. You can learn more about the farm and programming here. 17 Clemson University The Student Organic Farm at Clemson is a fully operational demonstration farm on campus and is a significant resource for training in sustainable as well as organic agriculture. The farm follows the National Organic Program rules that prohibit the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The school operates a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program that provides fresh produce for the local community. This organization allows students to network and build business-related skills as well as an understanding of agriculture. Programs on the farm are interdisciplinary with students studying at all levels and in various subjects. The farm relies on student involvement in management, production and marketing. High-value vegetables, small fruits, herbs and cut flowers are sold through the farm as well as at local farmer’s markets, all aspects of sales handled by students. You can learn more about the farm and programming here. 16 Goshen College The Merry Lea Sustainable Farm at Goshen College provides students with an understanding of sustainable agriculture. The farm is almost ten acres with several fields located near woodlands, meadows or wetlands. The farm produces vegetables and herbs, tree fruits, berries, tree nuts, shiitake mushrooms, poultry, and pigs. Poultry provides both meat and eggs while the pigs are a new addition as of 2016. In addition to college programs, the campus farm offers Kindergarten through 12th Grade programs and an Agroecology Summer Intensive. Produce raised on the farm are marketed at Farmer’s Markets, restaurants, and the Goshen College food service department. Food donations are also made to food pantries in the area. This provides students with many opportunities to connect with the local community and develop business skills related to the agricultural industry. You can learn more about the farm and programming here. 15 Green Mountain College A student-motivated campus farm, Green Mountain College’s Cerridwen Farm integrates hands-on learning with a liberal arts education. It is a small-scale diversified vegetable and animal farm with a historic barn as well as farm buildings surrounded by vegetable fields and pastures. The farm is operated entirely by students under faculty guidance and the leadership of a farm manager. The farm is designed as a way for students to practice, apply and explore classroom learning. All farm crew members are included in the decision-making process found on any farm to allow for better goal achievement and transparency. The college farm is involved in the Sustainable Food Systems undergraduate major and the Master’s in Sustainable Food Systems programs. They also collaborate with the college on the Farm and Food Project, a summer program, and many one-credit farm intensive courses. Any student, regardless of major, is welcome to volunteer on the farm. Vegetables grown on the far m are provided to the campus dining hall, but the school also operates a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program. The farm produces raw milk, eggs, pork and beef using an animal husbandry system. You can learn more about the farm and programming here. 14 University of Vermont The Center for Sustainable Agriculture is designed to advance sustainable systems not only in Vermont, but throughout the world. The college farm focuses on partnerships that promote innovative research and learning that will benefit communities worldwide. The Morgan Horse Farm is home to brood mares, prospects with performance promise and yearlings, providing hands-on experience to students through an apprenticeship program. Students are involved in training, driving and riding giving them an all-around education in equine studies. There is also a Horticulture Research Education Center that is home to shrubs, trees, perennials and fruit trees. Agricultural research and classes are conducted at the center which is also open to gardening groups and professional plant operations. The farm also focuses on resilient farming and protecting the environment, researching the effect of farming on climate change. There is a pasture program that provides students with an understanding of grazin g animals. The farm also sponsors a local food program including research into methods for providing food to low-income families. Students are given ample opportunity to connect with members of the community, adding to their studies and giving them a network to guide them throughout their career. You can learn more about the farm and programming here. 13 Oberlin College The George Jones Memorial Farm and Nature Preserve at Oberlin College allows students and the community to come together to create a food system for Northeast Ohio and the surrounding area. The farm is leased to the New Agrarian Center, a non-profit organization; that operates the farm and a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program. A group of Oberlin students, faculty alumni and community members operate both the farm and the CSA, known as City Fresh. The farm contains many native plants and there is a focus on restoration agriculture. Many of the techniques used are designed to build soil and create more nutritious crops. Food from campus for composting in exchange for fresh produce for the dining halls. The Nature Preserve offers a wide range of ecosystems to explore and study. Interpretive hiking, snow shoeing, cross-country skiing and horse trails travel through wetlands, forests, prairies, vernal pools and ponds. The farm provides students with many opportunities to intera ct with the public, either through the CSA or visitors to the Nature Preserve. This allows them to improve their communication skills as well as build business and marketing skills necessary in the agricultural community. You can learn more about the farm and programming here. 12 University of New Hampshire There are several research and organic farms available at the University of New Hampshire. Students can learn in a real-world setting about dairy farming, cattle, horticulture, agronomy and greenhouse growing. Some of the farms date back as far as 1887 when the college was granted a land-grant as part of the Morrill Act after the Civil War. Kingman Farm and some of the other locations are open for use by the community for hiking, mountain-biking, and other recreation, giving students exposure to the community. In 2003, the university established the Farm-to-School Program, introducing local apples and cider to Kindergarten to 12th Grade students. This developed into the â€Å"Get Smart Eat Local 10 District Project,† a collaboration between school districts and wholesale farms in the region designed to introduce new local foods to school children. There is an Organic Dairy Farm, crops, forage production, and pastures. The college farm is operated as an integrated agro-ecosyste m. You can learn more about the farm and programming here. 11 California State University – Chico The University Farm at Cal State Chico knows that agriculture should not be learned only from textbooks. The farm is where students get their hands dirty putting into practice what they learn in the classroom. Classes in agriculture are supported through real-world scenarios presented on the farm, much like a chemistry lab promotes textbook learning in a chemistry class. Farmers and ranchers also benefit from the farm as the research conducted there often provides them with new, innovative ways to improve their agricultural endeavors. Community members can purchase meat and produce from the University Farm, and many schools offer student field trips to the farm to promote agriculture among young children. In some cases, it is a child’s first exposure to farm animals. Up to 40 students work part-time to keep the farm running under the guidance of a staff technician, a lead student manager, and other student employees. There is also a weather station that provides critical data in the area. Students are exposed consistently to members of the community, helping them build communication skills while also letting them create a network that will be beneficial throughout their career. You can learn more about the farm and programming here. 10 Berea College The College Farm at Berea is one of the oldest continuously operating and most diversified educational farms in the country. The farm consists of pastures, croplands, gardens and ponds providing a hands-one educational laboratory. It is a working model of sustainable agriculture. Beef, cattle, hogs, chickens, eggs, goats, fish, honey bees, grins, vegetables fruits, and herbs are all produced on the farm. Many are sold locally, including to the school’s dining halls as well as the public through the campus store and participation at local farmer’s markets. These options provide students with experience in the business side of agriculture which is just as extremely critical to a farm’s success. The farm compliments and reinforces what is taught in the classroom. Students play a critical role in all aspects of the farm, including development, management, production, maintenance, marketing and financial planning. This provides them with a hands-on understanding of ho w farms operate. You can learn more about the farm and programming here. 9 Yale University The Yale Farm began in 2003 when a group of student interns began to turn a forgotten corner of the Farnam Memorial Gardens into agricultural space. Today, the farm, located at 345 Edwards Street, only a 15-minute walk from Old Campus, is a productive academic farm that produces vegetables, fruits, herbs and flowers. It is also home to honey bees and free-range laying hens. The farm employs growing practices and crop rotation that are common in the region and throughout the nation. It is designed to be a working model of agriculture that students have an active role in creating. Several disciplines, including Environmental Studies, Mechanical Engineering, Anthropology as well as Women’s, Gender and Sexuality, use the farm during coursework. There are weekly volunteer work days and, on Fridays in the spring, pizza is provided from the farm’s hearth oven. The Seed to Salad Program, which was created by Yale students, brings classes from local public schools to the farm fo r lessons on ecology, science and food production. The farm is a social hub on the campus as students gather around the oven in late August to share a pizza before leaving on the Harvest Pre-Orientation Trip. Harvesting occurs on a weekly basis around the year and produce is sold at a local farmer’s market. Farm produce is also used for events at Yale while the remainder is donated to local food banks. You can learn more about the farm and their programming here. 8 Michigan State University Michigan State University offers a teaching and production organic farm. Students carry out all production on the farm consisting of members of the Organic Farmer Training Program and volunteers from other disciplines. Produce is available 48 weeks out of the year through a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program. There are also stands on the campus seven months of the year and in dining halls. The farm grows vegetables, livestock, flowers, fruits and herbs. There is a solar-powered greenhouse and hosts a Hoophouse Gala Fundraiser to raise scholarships funds for future organic farmers. The public is invited to visit the farm and are able to watch milking operations at the Dairy Center. This provides students with exposure to the business side of agriculture as well as offering them networking opportunities with community members. You can learn more about the farm and their programming here​. 7 Butte College A community college near Chico, California, Butte College has a farm that includes an organic fruit orchard and vineyard. The school has a history of sustainable agriculture and has offered training on the subject for many years. Sections of the farm were certified organic as far back as 1990. It was the first college farm to establish an organic dairy west of the Mississippi. The farm also produces hay, oat wheat and alfalfa. They produce vegetables such as squash, pumpkins, cucumbers, eggplant and more. There is an orchard providing apples and peaches. The vineyard produces three different red wine grapes. Because the public is welcome on the farm, students are provided an opportunity to develop communication skills in a business setting. Also, students are able to develop an understanding of the business aspects of operating farms as well as conduct research into better agricultural procedures. You can learn more about the farm and their programming here. 6 Evergreen State College The Organic Farm at Evergreen State College connects to the main campus via trails that travel through the campus forest and is a working farm that serves as a learning laboratory while also producing produce and livestock. There is a farmhouse, built by students, greenhouses, fields, orchards and a composting facility. It is certified organic by the USDA and is Salmon Safe. Students work as interns at the farm throughout the growing season and learn various growing methods in a real-world scenario. Students learn how to plan, plant, maintain and harvest a broad range of crops. There are Community Gardens that provides gardening space to the community, providing students with the opportunity to give back to the community around them. Demeter’s Gardens area demonstration site that promotes permaculture and perennial polyculture systems. There is also a medicinal garden with herbaceous and woody plants with known healing properties. The garden also contains common herbs such as rosemary, sage and thyme. In addition to crops, chickens and sheep are raised with the chickens providing eggs that the farm sells or donates to food banks. You can learn more about the farm and programming here. 5 University of California Davis The University of California Davis Student Farm is committed to creating opportunities for students to understand sustainable food systems. Students learn from field-based educators, peers and from the community. Through a study of the soil, crops, climate and community, they develop the skills necessary to make a difference in the agricultural industry. The college farm has included a market garden that provides practical experience in organic production and an ecological garden for more than 30 years. Students are able to volunteer for farm work or intern for credit. Full-time employment opportunities are also available, and students have used the land for independent projects. Produce is used in the dining halls and is sold at farmer’s markets. There is also a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program, known as Student Harvest, that allows community members to purchase produce from the university. Programs center around sustainable agriculture, in-field learning and enc ouraging initiative among students. Courses offered at the farm include Sustainable Agriculture, Organic Crop Production and Alternatives in Agriculture. You can learn more about the farm and their programming here. 4 Hampshire College In addition to learning and research, the Hampshire College Farm and the Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program provides the campus and the community with local produce and meat. Students can explore animal behavior, green design, and agriculture through programs at the farm. It is also a location where students investigate intellectual, political and scientific issues that involve food production. Hampshire College is unique in that students focus on portfolios rather than distribution requirements and narrative evaluations replace grades. The farming program was created in the 1970s and provides the college with almost 100 percent of their food. It is a thriving educational center, not only for agricultural students, but for the community and school groups. The focus is to teach farming for the future. There are several internship and work-study opportunities. Community members are invited to volunteer as well, exposing students to members of the community who could be very beneficial for their future career. You can learn more about the farm and their programming here. 3 Deep Springs College Deep Springs College operates a cattle ranch and alfalfa farm, selling both cattle and hay for profit. However, the main purpose of the farm is for research and education. The cattle range throughout the valley and students perform the work to keep the ranch functional. They herd cattle, shoe horses and deliver calves. Students receive training in basic horsemanship as horses are kept for ranch work and recreational opportunities. Students also irrigate, harvest and replant alfalfa. They are also responsible, along with the farm manager, with operating and repairing equipment. Pigs, broiler chickens, and laying hens are raised to provide food for the college. There is a dairy barn as well that provides milk for the school as well as the local community. Every seven weeks, students are given new chores that may range from washing dishes to delivering cows. Students must commit to a 20-hour work week and must submit a list of preferred assignments for the next term. There are fruit orc hards, a greenhouse and compost piles that must be maintained as well. The school is extremely small, enabling it to provide full scholarships valued at over $50,000 per year for two years. Most students transfer to prestigious schools after two years. You can learn more about the farm and programming here. 2 College of the Ozarks The Farm and Works Stations at the College of the Ozarks include beef, dairy, a feed mill, horticulture lab, orchard, garden and agronomy workstation. Student labor is used to operate the farms and, each year, a workshop is put on the for the Future Farmers of America with more than 2,000 members in attendance. Cattle are dispersed throughout seven locations, providing students with the knowledge and experience of a working cattle operation. Students develop skills in animal health, nutrition, breeding and merchandising. An auction is held at the Sale Barn in odd years and students are responsible for all the aspects, including creating the sale catalog and advertising. A Farmer’s Market is held in the summer and is also located in the Sale Barn. Milk, meats, bedding plants, fruits and vegetables are available along with artisan crafts including fruitcake and stained glass. There is a Feed Mill whose primary functions are making and delivering high-quality feed for the livesto ck on the farm. There is also a Dairy and Hog Farm. The Farmer’s Market and Cattle Auction provide students with insight into the business of running a farm and help them develop networking in the community. You can learn more about the farm and their programming here. 1 Warren Wilson College The Warren Wilson College is a resource for students that allows them to meet the triad expected at the college – Work, Community Engagement and Academics. Students are responsible for running a livestock and mixed-crop operation as a working farm. There is a focus on sustainable farming practices. Students are required to have a strong work ethic. The farm was founded in 1894 when the Asheville Farm School was established. It has a reputation for â€Å"farm-to-table† quality. All beef served in the dining halls are raised on the farm as is the produce. Pesticides and herbicides are not used on the farm. In order to graduate, the Triad must be completed and the college is one of only seven work colleges in the United States. At Warren Wilson, daily operations of the school are completed by students. In addition to cattle, hogs are also raised and used in the dining halls. All produce and livestock are also sold to the local community, providing students with networking opportunities and experience in the business aspects of a working farm. Medicinal herbs are grown and medicine created as part of the academic and research process. There are honey bees and an heirloom apple orchard. The farm is grass-based and strives for sustainable agriculture in order to provide healthier nutrition for students and the community. You can learn more about the farm and their programming here.

The Topic On Stricter Gun Control Laws - 2222 Words

The topic on stricter gun control laws have been a debate for a while now. America has been faced with multiple series of attacks in recent years. In 1998, at Columbine High School 12 students and a faculty member were murdered, then again in 2007 students and faculty members at Virginia Tech lost their lives from a senseless act. This sort of tragedy keeps repeating itself when in 2012 a shooter killed 20 first-grade students and six adults at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut (Rostron, 2014). The United States only accounts for five percent of the world s population, and yet holds 40 percent of all firearms that are owned by civilians. Each year, about 30,000 people die due to firearm injuries in the United States (Glynn, 2013). Gun control restricts future gun owners on the type of firearms that can be purchased or sold, as well as the obligations that the buyer and seller must face with reporting the gun purchase to the government. The gun laws today are the ca use of much violent acts in America. In 2013, the CDC reported that more than 33,000 firearms deaths: 70 percent of all homicides (11,208), more than half of all suicides (21,175), and hundreds of accidental and unsolved deaths. The New England Journal of Medicine reports, extensive background checks and denials on gun purchases can aid in gun violence prevention, especially mass shootings, such as the ones that occurred at Sandy Hook, Virginia Tech, Aurora, or Columbine, suggests a top expertShow MoreRelatedSchool Shootings And The Shootings969 Words   |  4 Pagesshootings (Staff, Washington Times). Many injuries, deaths, and lives have been changed as result of school shootings. These horrible events have raised the topic gun control to the front line of controversy. After 2012, requirements were added to the background checks for purchasing guns. Twelve state legislatures expanded the background checks on gun purchases and five states tightened assault weapons restrictions (Su nburn, Josh). Some states allow immediate distribution at the time of sale with properRead MoreGun Control1724 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 1302 5th march 2013 Sides of Crime Control Gun control laws have been surrounded by controversy since The Bill of Rights, including the Second amendment was passed in the congress. A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed, the founders wrote. Until recently there was considerable argument over just what the founders intended by their words. Did they mean to provide only for armedRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control875 Words   |  4 Pagesissue of gun control laws has become a prevalent topic of debate throughout American society. This debate stems from two opposing arguments over gun control. Some feel gun control laws are fair and not the contributing factor to these mass shootings, whereas, others feel that there is an urgent need for strict laws in order to end the problem of mass shootings. There are numerous pros and cons to the enforcement of stricter gun control laws but we must note a few things: stricter gun control laws wouldRead MoreGuns Have Been A Hot Topic Since The United States862 Words   |  4 Pages Guns have been a hot topic since the United States was formed. It seems like just recently, this topic has grown in controversy. It feels like almost every couple weeks or so this country experiences some sort of awful tragedy due to gun violence. Whether it be a school shooting, movie theater shooting or an innocent person was gunned down on street. Between January 2009 and July 2015, there were 133 mass shootings that took place in the U.S (everytownresearch.org/). This is something that shouldRead MoreBennett Dorton. English 11. 1-26-17.Gun Control In America.1270 Words   |  6 PagesBennett Dorton English 11 1-26-17 Gun Control In America Every time a gun injures or kills in self defense it is used seven times in a criminal assault or homicide; furthermore the main argument against stricter gun laws is the fact that they are needed for self defense. Gun control is a very controversial and debatable topic, and many people have different opinions. In the Constitution, The Second Amendment gives the right to bear arms, but there have been restrictionsRead MoreShould Gun Control Laws be Stricter?1336 Words   |  6 PagesShould gun control laws be stricter? Every day some news related to gun violence are being heard all over the world. Shooting in driveway, public places, schools, homicide and suicide are some of different types of gun violence. Shooting on people and killing them is a big issue in the world and different comments are provided about that. One of the most important of them is about gun control laws. Stingl (2013) says â€Å"The term gun control as it is used in the United States refers to any action takenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control844 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control These days there are many different controversial topics for example, one of these topics is the current situation gun control and whether it should be more or less strict about its rules. I believe that the United States government should increase the amount of gun laws to a federal level so that it would affect all of the states. By doing so it would make it more difficult to attain to guns and it can be kept out of the hands of the wrong people and the black market. By making it moreRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1089 Words   |  5 Pagesis quite a bit of prior research done on gender differences in regard to gun control. The following articles used all help to provide support for the hypothesis that in a comparison of individuals, women are more likely to support stricter gun control laws than men. Most of the articles use polling to help prove this hypothesis, and some even help explain what might cause women to be more supportive of stricter gun control and why this is sign ificant. One article that has research on the subjectRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1453 Words   |  6 PagesGun Control. Just the mention of those two words together is usually enough to start a riot between sides. Those for stricter gun control and those who want better reform with out having the government grip tighten are locked in a political battle with each side using the same weapons. Both sides look to the recent shootings as a banner for their viewpoint and neither side is willing to consider the opposition’s view. This has lead to a rift in the political theater, and a rift across America. Read MoreStricter Mandatory Gun Control Laws884 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica safer we need to be stricter on gun control laws. Although some people prefer less strict, because they feel like it limits their rights. Legislators need to update the background check system, enforce mandatory courses and safety training. Gun control has become one of the biggest topics in the USA over the years, some are in favor of stricter gun control laws and others are against. Moreover guns are the cause of the majority of the crimes in the US, and stricter laws should be applied immediately

American Revolution Essay - 984 Words

American Revolution One of the most important facets of any revolution is violence. This is often a response to the heightened repression or other intolerable demands from the government against its people. The American Revolution is no exception. Following the Seven Years War, England need to recover some of their finances which were lost due to the war. Parliament achieved this by the taxation of the American colonies; the Stamp Act of 1765 is an example of this. This act resulted in outrage from the Colonies and led to rioting, rhetoric, and the formation of the Stamp Act Congress. These actions quickly led to the repel of the Stamp Act; however, there were numerous new taxes levied to take their place. The Americans continued to†¦show more content†¦Like Britain’s two loyal colonies; Florida and Quebec. At the time of the Revolutionary War, there were in actuality fifteen British colonies in America; Florida and Quebec being the two constantly left out. In 1774 England passed the Quebec Act. This Act made Quebec the fourteenth American colony. Quebec’s loyalty was put to the test within a year of the passing of the Act. The rebelling â€Å"original† thirteen colonies sent two armies north to capture and utilized the Quebecian territory. Quebec’s militia had just enough warning to organize its garrison against the forces of Benedict Arnold. In midwinter of 1775 Arnold’s attempt to take seige of the garrison was put asunder when he was wounded by Quebec’s militia. By the following Spring the attacking forces retreated—and the battles at Quebec’s garrison would be the first and last American Revolution battles fought on Canadian soil. Unlike Canada, Britain gained control of Florida in 1763 in exchange for Cuba, which was captured from Spain during the Seven Years’ War. With British rule looming in the future, most of the Spanish residence which inhabited Florida left, leaving Florida virtually bare. The British did not take into account the large populations of Indians and blacks which shared the colony with them. The only two cities with more than a handful of white residence were Pensacola and St. Augustine. These two cities would become the heart of the new â€Å"Floridas†. Parliament split, the then largerShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolution : The Revolution1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution Revolutionizes the World It was the first revolution to majorly succeed and change how people saw their countries, it was the American Revolution. The American Revolution was the first successful revolution against a European empire that provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self-governing nations (New world Encyclopedia, 1).The American Revolution was vital to history because ideas seen by other countries startedRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution999 Words   |  4 PagesBetween 1770 and 1776, resistance to imperial change turned into a full-on revolution. The American Revolution, also known as the Revolutionary War, was a time of revolting and political uprising, in which the 13 colonies separated from the British Empire, forming the independent nation known as the United States of America. Though the American Revolution began because the colonies wanted independence from Britain, many important historical events and revolts also lead to the tensions and resistanceRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution1362 Words   |  6 PagesEvery 4th of July, Americans are told the story of the American Revolution. We remember the oppressed colonists fighting against the tyrannical King George III and the formidable red coats. Patriotic heroes are remembered, evil kings are cursed, and the liberties and freedoms won from the war are celebrated. Though America often likes to look back to the revolution, the question of just how much a revolution was the American Revolution is rarely asked. While the American revolution was not as radicalRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution1582 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The revolution was effected before the war commenced. The revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people.† - John Adams, 1818 This quote means that the revolution actually took place metaphorically before the actually fighting began. It took place in the emotions and thoughts of the Americans. The Road to Revolution After the Seven Years’ War created a financial problem for Britain The British tried to shoulder some of the financial responsibilities onto the Americas in the form of variousRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution850 Words   |  4 PagesIn regards to the American Revolution, the point that armed rebellion became inevitable arrived when after nearly five constant years of American colonist protesting. American s had enough and needed to take a stand for the numerous inequalities they were forced to deal with. It was foreseeable that the American Revolution took place due to the unfair taxes that the British were giving Americans. Also, England was not allowing Americans their freedom, along with violence and the political dominanceRead MoreThe American Revolution877 Words   |  4 Pagespeople believe the American Revolution is strictly liberal, in truth it is conservative evidenced by the new British policies, colonial reactions and the examinations of what it means to be conservative vs. liberal. The American Revolution was triggered, by many laws that were passed between 1763 and 1775 that controlled trade and taxes. This legislation caused pressure between colonists and imperial officers, who had made it clear that the British Parliament would not address American complaints relatingRead MoreThe American Revolution871 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution was the struggle by which thirteen colonies won independence from Great Britain, to become what we now know as The United States of America. The American Revolution came about primarily because the colonists had matured. Their interests and goals were so different and distant from those of the mother country. Local politics, practices, social customs, religious beliefs, and economic interests had gone so far from the English ways. The American Revolution had a tremendous impactRead MoreThe American Revolution1543 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution was one of the most important battles in history. It led to the Declaration of Independence and the freedom of America from the British. No one can really say what the exact cause of the Revolution was, but there were many important social, cultural, political and economic causes that led up to the war. I believe one of the main economic reasons the Americans wanted to become free from the British and start the Revolution, was because of all the taxes the British imposedRead MoreThe American Revolution Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pageshistorians might argue that the American Revolution was not so revolutionary in its nature, there is no denying the lasting effects that it has had not only on the continent, but the world. Through an analysis of documents from this period and the social, political, and economic changes that occurred in the colonies, it is clear that the colonial governmental system was radically changed during this time period. The political ideas that emerged from this revolution have shaped modern democratic governmentsRead MoreThe American Revolution1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution has provided no shortage of patriotic and romanticized images and ideals for the general public throughout history. Indeed, to this very day, Americans hark back to this ‘glorious achievement’ with pride and use it as fuel for everything from selling jeans (Levi/Strauss) to the creation of video games (Assassin’s Creed.) But the question has remained, for all the hoopla and â€Å"remembrance† that surrounds this period in western history – was this revolution justified? As the

Compare historical and current features of public health free essay sample

Public health efforts are planning to protect the general health and safety of the population by taking measures to prevent or avoid the transmission of disease. Historically, measures such as quarantines were enforced, where there were no means to vaccinate or inoculate to prevent the spread of a dangerous transmissible disease. In more modern times, vaccines were developed to protect against diseases, and of course, in the case of smallpox, the disease was able to be eliminated in 1979, so theres no longer a need to vaccinate against it. In modern times, there is little reliance on quarantine, though people with multiply-antibiotic-resistant TB and other diseases may be detained and isolated. In the early 19th century, the growing towns of Britain were characterised by overcrowding, poor housing, bad water and disease. In 1842, Edwin Chadwick argued that disease was the main reason for poverty, and that preventing disease would reduce the poor rates. In 1848, a cholera epidemic terrified the government into doing something about prevention of disease, through both public and individual health measures. Further measures included: †¢In 1848 the first Public Health Act caused the setting up of a Board of Health, and gave towns the right to appoint a Medical Officer of Health. †¢In 1853 vaccination against smallpox was made compulsory. †¢In 1854 improvements in hospital hygiene were introduced (thanks in large part to Florence Nightingale). †¢In 1875 a Public Health Act enforced laws about slum clearance, provision of sewers and clean water, and the removal of nuisances. †¢In 1906 local councils were told to provide free school meals for poor children. In 1907 school medical examinations were ordered for all children (among these examinations were those of the nitty nurse). †¢In 1908 Old-age pensions were introduced. †¢In 1911 National Insurance (free medical treatment for workers who fell ill) was introduced. Nineteenth century ?Chicken Pox: this is one of the most common diseases which children are most likely to get. It will emerge in the form of little spots and round. The illness will give you a fever, chills, headaches and sometimes aching in the back and limbs. You will first not notice that you have chicken pox until they appear as spots. This is not the same as small pox this on its own is a distinct disease. Neither vaccination or small pox can protect anyone from getting chicken pox, it is very contagious nor is anyone at risk of catching them. Chickenpox causes a red, itchy skin rash that usually appears first on the abdomen or back and face, and then spreads to almost everywhere else on the body, including the scalp, mouth, arms, legs, and genitals. The rash begins as multiple small red bumps that look like pimples or insect bites, usually less than a quarter of an inch wide. They appear in crops over 2 to 4 days and develop into thin-walled blisters filled with fluid. The blister walls break, leaving open sores, which finally crust over to become dry, brown scabs. The rash is very itchy, and cool baths or calamine lotion may help to manage the itching. Chicken pox may not exist as much now because more people are getting their children vaccinated at a young age to help not to prevent chicken pox, and now we now the actual causes of this and we are now more advanced. ?Cholera: this is one of the most feared diseases, it is infectious, and it is caused by drinking water from a contaminated item. When you get cholera is causes a slowing in the blood circulation and it will cause the skin to become blue and shrunken it can also cause deaths. Some people believe that cholera is caused by eating fruits and vegetables. The most common symptoms of cholera are: †¢extensive, watery diarrhea †¢nausea †¢vomiting †¢muscle cramps Around three-quarters of people who are exposed to cholera bacteria do not develop any symptoms. However, these people can contaminate water by passing faeces that contain bacteria into water, or pass on the disease through poor food hygiene. However, things have changed over time and we now have vaccinations and treatments to help to reduce the number of people with Cholera. There is a vaccine which is given as a drink that protects against cholera. Vaccination is usually only required for: †¢people travelling in remote areas where cholera epidemics are occurring and there is limited access to medical care †¢those intending to visit high-risk areas such as refugee camps or war zones †¢those taking part in disaster relief operations These people include emergency relief workers, members of the armed forces and healthcare workers. It is important to get advice from your nurse or doctor about whether you need a cholera vaccination well in advance of travelling; the vaccine is available free on the NHS. Cholera needs prompt treatment with oral rehydration solution (ORS) to prevent dehydration and shock. ORS comes in a sachet; it is made up of a mixture of salts and glucose, which are dissolved in water. ORS is ideal for replacing the fluids and minerals that are lost when a person becomes dehydrated. As well as treating dehydration and shock with ORS, antibiotics can be used to treat the underlying infection. ORS sachets are available from many pharmacists, camping shops and travel clinics. If you are travelling to regions of the world affected by cholera, take ORS sachets as a precaution. ?Consumption: this is also known as ‘tuberculosis (TB)’ is another common cause of deaths; the word consumption was named as it described the action of the body tissue wasting away. This is highly contagious and the bacteria which it causes is found in milks and other foods and sometimes in the saliva of a person which has the diseases, researchers found out that only direct sunlight will kill the bacteria. In 1882, Robert Koch discovered that the bacteria which caused this disease were barely visible in the human eye, this will cause it to attach and grow in every organ of the body, including the lungs and the brain. This mainly affects the lungs. However, it can affect any part of the body, including the bones and nervous system. Typical symptoms of this include: †¢having a persistent cough for more than three weeks that brings up phlegm, which may be bloody †¢weight loss †¢high temperature (fever) †¢tiredness and fatigue †¢loss of appetite  TB is caused by a bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis, it affects the lungs is the only form of the condition that is contagious and usually only spreads after prolonged exposure to someone with the illness. For example, TB often spreads within a family who live in the same house. In most healthy people, the immune system kills the bacteria and you have no further symptoms. However, sometimes the immune system ca nnot kill the bacteria, but manages to prevent it from spreading in the body. This means you will not have any symptoms, but the bacteria will remain in your body. This is known as latent TB. If the immune system fails to kill or contain the infection, it can spread to the lungs or other parts of the body and symptoms will develop within a few weeks or months. This is known as active TB. There is now treatment and vaccination for this, with treatment. A TB infection can usually be cured. Most people will need a course of antibiotics, usually for six months. Several different antibiotics are used; this is because some forms of TB are resistant to certain antibiotics. If you are infected with a drug-resistant form of TB, treatment can last as long as 18 months. If you are in close contact with someone who has TB, tests may be carried out to see if you are also infected. These can include a chest X-ray and blood tests. Vaccination currently, BCG vaccinations are only recommended for groups of people who are at a higher risk of developing TB. This includes children living in areas with high rates of TB or those who have close family members from countries with high TB rates; it is also recommended that some people, such as healthcare workers, are vaccinated due to the increased risk of contracting TB while working. Small pox: this affects people of all ages however; it is especially fatal to young children. This is caused by a virus which makes small blister like bumps on the skin sometimes even the mouth and throat. If this virus makes your throat swell up it can cause difficulty to breath, if you catch this and you survive you will not catch this again. This information was used to find a vaccine to prevent the disease. Smallpox is contagious that means the virus can spread to others. It spreads through tiny drops of an infected persons saliva when the person coughs, talks, or sneezes. Smallpox usually passes from person to person during close, face-to-face contact. If someone does get smallpox, a doctor can recognise the disease because it causes a special kind of rash. The rash shows up as blisters on the skin that fill with fluid and crust over. This might sound like chickenpox, but the blisters look different from the blisters that chickenpox causes. The other symptoms of smallpox are like those of many other less serious illnesses: fever, headache, backache, and feeling tired. A vaccine, a type of shot, can prevent infection with the virus that causes smallpox. Years ago, people were vaccinated against smallpox. Today, smallpox vaccines arent given because nobody has had the disease for many years. This has changed over time because science has improved more, now in the twenty-first century there are more advanced people and scientist and things have improved much more since the nineteenth century. The doctors and scientist have found out more cures and reasons for diseases and they are able to help out more people. Also the NHS is free therefore; more people are able to get free treatment for the diseases or infections that they have. Sanitation and Hygiene: There was a lack of sanitation because at the time the government never took this matter seriously as no one was complaining about the issue. The higher class people never had to live like the lower class and they never had to deal with the poor sanitation because they had the money and the power to live healthy lives and in better conditions. Therefore, the lower class did not complain about the issue as not one would listen to them and even if they did not one will act upon the issue to make it better. When Mr. Black looked into this situation he found out that the sewage system was not correctly working making the environment smell, when he raised this issue to the parliament they acted as if they never had enough money to place a proper sewage system to help improve the environment. Lack of sanitation now affects about 2. 4 billion of the world’s population and is expected to rise to 50% by 2025. Diarrhoea caused by bad sanitation kills nearly 6,000 children a day, an annual toll of two million deaths. People suffering from waterborne diseases occupy half the world’s hospital beds. Already half of Asia’s population lacks adequate sanitation and in China, India and Indonesia twice as many people die from diarrhoeal diseases as from HIV/Aids. In developing countries 80% of all disease results from a combination of poor hygiene, contaminated water and poor sanitation. Parasitic infections are also exacerbated by poor sanitation; the report estimates that 1. 5 billion people have parasitic worm infections. Such worms, whilst they may not cause death, lead to stunted growth and general debilitation. Among the diseases resulting from poor sanitation, unclean water and poor waste disposal are dysentery, cholera, typhus fever, typhoid and trachoma. Sanitation will be affected by the amount of people that are in the population, for example, if there are an increasing amount of people growing in the society there will need to be more sanitation because if they do not fit in more sanitation systems then the old ones will get worn out by being used continually, and over time it will stop working correctly therefore, it is important that the government start to build more sanitation systems so there will be no danger of the society to be exposed to harmful waste because the sanitation system fails to work. On the other hand, if the population decreased there will be no need for loads of sanitation systems and the government will be able to save a lot of money. When you have poor sanitation it can cause diseases such as: †¢Diarrhoea; this caused by different micro-organisms including viruses and bacteria. This causes a person to lose both water and electrolytes, which leads to dehydration and, in some cases, to death. Repeated episodes of diarrhoeal disease makes children more vulnerable to other diseases and malnutrition. Diarrhoea is the most important public health problem directly related to water and sanitation. The simple act of washing hands with soap and water can cut diarrhoeal disease by one-third. Next to providing adequate sanitation facilities, it is the key to preventing waterborne diseases. †¢HIV/AIDS; A hygienic environment, clean water and adequate sanitation are key factors in preventing opportunistic infections associated with HIV/AIDS, and in the quality of life of people living with the disease. AIDS-affected people are more susceptible to water-related diseases than healthy individuals, and they become sicker from these infections than people with healthy immune systems. Maintaining a healthy environment is essential to safeguarding the health, quality of life and productivity of people living with HIV/AIDS. †¢Cholera; Cholera is an acute bacterial infection of the intestinal tract. It causes severe attacks of diarrhoea that, without treatment, can quickly lead to acute dehydration and death. Cholera is a world-wide problem, especially in emergency situations. It can be prevented by access to safe drinking water, sanitation and good hygiene behaviour (including food hygiene). †¢Malaria; Malaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite carried by certain types of mosquitoes. Humans are infected when bitten by the mosquitoes. Reducing the mosquito population in households and communities by eliminating standing water (caused by poor drainage and uncovered water tanks) can be an important factor in reducing malaria cases. This has changed over time because in the twenty-first century people and the government have realised to live healthy lives it is important to have good sanitation and hygiene because if they do not have good sanitation or hygiene its very likely that diseases and infections will spread around causing many people to get ill. Technology have now improved therefore, the government is able to put more advance technology in place to help in the environment. Environment: Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earths atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earths mean surface temperature has increased by about 0. 8 °C, with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. Warming of the climate system is clear, and scientists are more than 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases made by human activities such as the burning of fissile fuels and deforestation. These findings are recognised by the national science academies of all major industrialised nations. During the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 2. 9 °C for their lowest emissions scenario and 2. 4 to 6. 4  °C for their highest. The ranges of these estimates arise from the use of models with differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations. The effects of an increase in global temperature include a rise in sea levels and a change in the amount and pattern of rain, as well a probable expansion of subtropical desert. Warming is expected to be strongest in Antarctica and would be associated with the continuing sea ice. Other likely effects of the warming include a more frequent occurrence of extreme whether events including heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the loss of habitat from inundation. Proposed policy responses to global warming include mitigation by releases reduction, adaptation to its effects. Most countries have policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. The Earth’s average surface temperature rose by 0. 18 °C, over the period 1906–2005. The rate of warming over the last half of that period was almost double that for the period as a whole 0. 03 °C per decade, versus 0. 02 °C per decade. Temperatures in the lower troposphere have increased between 0. 13 and 0. 22 °C per decade since 1979, according to satellite temperature measurements. Climate substitutions show the temperature to have been relatively stable over the one or two years before 1850. The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in pale climate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified. In the late 19th century, scientists first argued that human emissions of greenhouse gases could change the climate, but the calculations were disputed. Many other theories of climate change were advanced, involving forces from volcanism to solar variation. In the 1960s, the warming effect of carbon dioxide gas became increasingly convincing, although some scientists also pointed out that human activities, in the form of atmospheric aerosols e. g. pollution, could have cooling effects as well. During the 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint. By the 1990s, as a result of improving fidelity of computer models and observational work confirming the Milankovitch theory of the ice ages, a consensus position formed: greenhouse gases were deeply involved in most climate changes, and human emissions were bringing serious global warming. Some challenges we face now are: 1. Climate Change: this has been concerning scientists for decades, from the melting polar ice caps to catastrophic weather and threatened ecosystems, not only is climate change real, scientists agree that humans are influencing climate change with our production of greenhouse gases (mainly stemming from carbon dioxide and methane). 2. Energy: clean energy vs. dirty energy. Renewable energy, energy independence, petroleum, biofuels and coal. 3. Waste: with the immediate looming problems of climate change and energy, focus has shifted away from landfill waste, but this is a serious problem. The world has largely gotten accustomed to a throwaway lifestyle, but that’s neither healthy nor sustainable. Waterways are choked with trash and modernised nations ship their undesirable leftovers to the developing world. Fashion, fast food, packaging and cheap electronics are just some of the problems 4. Water: Pure water is in short supply. Our global reserves of drinkable water are a fraction of 1% and 1 in 5 humans does not have access to potable (safe) water. Many people do not realise that strife has already broken out in some stressed regions. Overall, I have learnt the difference between the diseases in the nineteenth century and the twenty-first century, in the twenty-first century there is more cures for diseases then there was in nineteenth century. More people know the reasons behind certain diseases and why they be caused and we are now able to produce cures for most diseases and we are now able to help most people around different places.